Amaqembu asebenzayo angenziwa i-sulfonated noma i-sulfated yi-SO3 ahlukaniswe ikakhulukazi izigaba ezi-4;i-benzene ring, i-alcohol hydroxyl group, i-double bond, i-A-carbon yeqembu le-Ester, izinto zokusetshenziswa ezihambisanayo yi-alkylbenzene, i-fatty alcohol (ether), i-olefin, i-fatty acid methyl ester(FAME), imikhiqizo ejwayelekile i-alkyl benzene sulfonate yezimboni (ngemuva kwalokhu okubizwa nge-LAS), AS, AES, AOS kanye ne-MES.Okulandelayo ukwethula isimo sokuthuthukiswa kwe-sulfonic acid ekhona kakade kanye nama-surfactants e-sulfate ngokuya ngezigaba ngamaqembu asebenzayo we-organic kungenziwa i-sulfonated yi-SO3.

2.1 i-alkylaryl sulfonates
I-Alkyl aryl sulfonate ibhekisela ekilasini lama-surfactants e-sulfonate alungiselelwe ukusabela kwe-sulfonation ne-sulfur trioxide enendandatho enamakha njengeqembu elisebenzayo eliphilayo.Imikhiqizo ejwayelekile ihlanganisa i-LAS ne-alkyl benzene sulfonate ye-long-chain, i-alkylbenzene sulfonate (HABS), i-petroleum sulfonate ne-alkyl diphenyl ether disulfonate, njll.

2.1.1 I-alkyl benzene sulfonate yomugqa wemboni
I-LAS itholakala nge-sulfonation, ukuguga, i-hydrolysis kanye ne-neutralization ye-alkylbenzene.I-LAS ivamise ukugcinwa futhi ithengiswe ngendlela ye-alkylbenzene sulfonic acid.Ekusetshenzisweni kwangempela, iyancipha nge-alkali.Kukhona futhi agcinwe futhi adayiswa ngendlela efana nosawoti we-sodium.I-LAS inokumanzisa okuhle, i-emulsifying, igwebu kanye ne-detergency, futhi inokuhambisana kahle namanye ama-surfactants (i-AOS, i-AES, i-AEO), futhi inohlu olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezindaweni zokuwasha zasendlini ezifana nempushana yokuwasha, okokuhlanza noketshezi lokuwasha.Okubi kwe-LAS ukumelana kwayo okungalungile namanzi aqinile.Ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukwengeza i-calcium ne-magnesium ion chelating agents ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-LAS iyancipha kakhulu futhi inokucasuka okuthile esikhumbeni.
2.1.2 i-alkyl benzene sulfonate enochungechunge olude
I-alkyl benzene sulfonate ye-long-chain ngokuvamile ibhekisela ekilasini labasebenza emanzini anobude beketanga lekhabhoni elingaphezu kuka-13, elisebenza kahle ekutholeni uwoyela emazingeni aphezulu, futhi livame ukusetshenziswa lihlanganiswe ne-alkyl benzene sulfonate enzima.Inqubo evamile ukusebenzisa i-HF njenge-catalyst ukwenza isenzo se-alkylation ngomkhiqizo osindayo we-wax dehydrogenation, njengama-alkanes amaketango amade, ingxube ye-olelfin ne-Benzene noma i-Xylene ukuze kulungiswe i-alkyl benzene yeketango elide.Bese usebenzisa i-SO3 membrane sulfonation ukuze ulungiselele i-alkylbenzene sulfonic acid ene-long-chain.
2.1.3 I-alkyl benzene sulfonate enzima
I-alkylbenzene sulfonate enzima ingenye yezinto ezihamba phambili ezisetshenziswa ezikhukhuleni zasezindaweni zikawoyela.I-alkylbenzene esindayo yempahla yayo iwumkhiqizo wenqubo yokukhiqiza ye-dodecylbenzene, isivuno siphansi (<10%), ngakho-ke umthombo wayo unomkhawulo.Izingxenye ze-alkylbenzene esindayo ziyinkimbinkimbi, ikakhulukazi i-alkylbenzene, i-dialkylbenzene,
diphenylene, alkylindane, tetralin nokunye.
2.1.4 I-Petroleum sulfonate
I-Petroleum sulfonate uhlobo lwe-surfactant elungiselelwe i-SO3 sulfonation yamafutha e-petroleum distillate.Ukulungiswa kwe-petroleum sulfonate kuvame ukusebenzisa uwoyela wendawo we-petroleum distillate endaweni kawoyela njengento eluhlaza.Inqubo ye-sulfonation ihlanganisa: igesi SO3 ifilimu sulfonation, liquid SO3 kettle sulfonation, kanye negesi SO3 spray sulfonation.
2.1.5 I-Alkyl Diphenyl Ether Disulfonate(ADPEDS)
I-Alkyl diphenyl ether disulfonate iyikilasi lama-surfactants asebenzayo anamaqembu amabili e-sulfonic acid ku-molecule.Inezicelo ezikhethekile ku-emulsion polymerization, ukuhlanza indlu nezimboni, ukuphrinta izindwangu nokudaya.Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-surfactants endabuko e-monosulfonate (njenge-LAS), amaqembu e-disulfonic acid ayinikeza izici ezikhethekile zomzimba namakhemikhali, ezincibilika kahle kakhulu nokuzinza ku-asidi eqinile engu-20%, i-alkali eqinile, usawoti wezinto ezingaphili kanye nezixazululo ze-ejenti emhlophe.Iqukethe i-monoalkyl diphenyl ether bissulfonate (MADS), i-monoalkyl diphenyl ether monosulfonate (MAMS), ne-dialkyl Diphenyl ether bissulfonate (DADS) kanye ne-bisalkyl diphenyl ether monosulfonate (DAMS) yakhiwe, ingxenye eyinhloko i-MADS, futhi okuqukethwe kwayo. 80%.Umkhiqizo we-sulfonated we-alkyl diphenyl ether, i-alkyl diphenyl ether disulfonic acid, une-viscosity ephezulu kakhulu.Ngokuvamile, i-dichloroethane isetshenziswa njenge-solvent futhi ilungiselelwe inqubo ye-kettle sulfonation.