Izinqubo ze-Transglycosidation zisebenzisa i-D-glucose njengezinto zokusetshenziswa.

I-Fischer glycosidation iyona ndlela kuphela yokuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali eye yasiza ukuthuthukiswa kwezixazululo zanamuhla zomnotho nezobuchwepheshe zokukhiqiza ngezinga elikhulu ama-alkyl polyglucosides. Izitshalo zokukhiqiza ezinamandla angaphezu kuka-20,000 t/ngonyaka sezivele zenziwe futhi zandisa uhla lwemikhiqizo yemboni ye-surfactants ngama-ejenti asebenza phezulu asekelwe ezintweni ezingavuthiwe ezivuselelekayo. I-D-Glucose kanye ne-linear C8-C16 fatty alcohols kubonakale kuyizo zokudla ezithandwayo. Lawa ma-educts angaguqulwa abe ama-alkyl polyglycosides asebenza phezulu nge-Fischer glycosylation eqondile noma ngama-transglycosides ezinyathelo ezimbili ze-butyl polyglycoside lapho kukhona i-acid catalyst, ngamanzi njengomkhiqizo. Amanzi kufanele ahlanjululwe engxubeni yokusabela ukuze asuse ukulingana kokusabela emkhiqizweni oyifunayo. Enqubweni ye-glycosylation, ama-inhomogeneities engxubeni yokusabela kufanele agwenywe ngoba angaholela ekwakhiweni okweqile kwe-polydextrose, okuyinto engathandeki kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, amasu amaningi obuchwepheshe agxila kuma-homogenous educts i-n-glucose notshwala, okunzima ukuhlanganisa ngenxa ye-polarity yabo ehlukene. Ngesikhathi sokusabela, amabhondi e-glycosidic akheka kokubili phakathi kotshwala obunamafutha kanye ne-n-glucose naphakathi kwamayunithi we-n-glucose ngokwawo. Ama-alkyl polyglucosides ngenxa yalokho akha njengengxube yamafrakshini anezinombolo ezihlukene zamayunithi e-glucose endaweni eyinsalela ye-alkyl yochungechunge olude. Ngayinye yalezi zingxenyana, yona, yakhiwe izingxenye ezimbalwa ze-isomeri, njengoba amayunithi e-n-glucose ethatha amafomu ahlukene e-anomeric kanye namafomu endandatho ekulinganisweni kwamakhemikhali ngesikhathi se-Fischer glycosidation kanye nokuxhumana kwe-glycosidic phakathi kwamayunithi e-D-glucose kwenzeka ezikhundleni ezimbalwa zokuhlangana okungenzeka. . Isilinganiso se-anomer samayunithi we-D-glucose sicishe sibe ngu-α/β＝ 2: 1 futhi sibonakala sinzima ukuthonywa ngaphansi kwezimo ezichaziwe ze-Fischer synthesis. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwa nge-thermodynamically, amayunithi e-n-glucose aqukethwe kungxube yomkhiqizo atholakala kakhulu ngendlela yama-pyranosides. Isilinganiso senani lamayunithi eglucose ajwayelekile ngensalela ye-alkyl, okuthiwa idigri ye-polymerization, ngokuyisisekelo kuwumsebenzi wesilinganiso se-molar yama-educts ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza. Ngenxa yezakhiwo zabo ezimangalisayo ze-surfactant, ama-alkyl polyglycosides anezinga le-polymerization phakathi koku-1 no-3 athandwa kakhulu, yingakho cishe ama-moles angu-3-10 otshwala obunamafutha kufanele asetshenziswe imvukuzane ngayinye ye-glucose evamile kule ndlela.

Izinga le-polymerization liyehla ngokunyuka kotshwala obunamafutha amaningi. Utshwala obunamafutha obudlulele buhlukaniswa futhi buphinde butholakale ngokusebenzisa izinqubo ze-multistep vacuum distillation ngama-evaporator efilimu ewayo, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukugcina ukucindezeleka okushisayo kuncane. Izinga lokushisa lokuhwamuka kufanele libe phezulu nje ngokwanele kanye nesikhathi sokuthintana endaweni eshisayo ibe yinde ngokwanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukugcwaliswa okwanele kotshwala obunamafutha amaningi kanye nokugeleza kwe-alkyl polyglucoside encibilikayo, ngaphandle kokuba khona kokusabela okukhulu kokubola. Uchungechunge lwezinyathelo zokuhwamuka lungasetshenziswa kahle ukuze kuhlukaniswe izingxenyana zokuqala ezibilayo, bese kuba inani elikhulu lotshwala obunamafutha, futhi ekugcineni notshwala obunamafutha obusele kuze kube ukuncibilika kwe-alkyl polyglucoside kutholakala njengezinsalela ezincibilika emanzini.

Ngisho nalapho ukuhlanganiswa kanye nokuhwamuka kotshwala obunamafutha kwenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezithambile kakhulu, ukuguquguquka kombala onsundu okungafuneki kwenzeka, okudinga izinqubo zokufiphala ukuze kucwengisiswe imikhiqizo. Enye indlela yokuhlanza ebonakale ifaneleka ukungezwa kwezixube ezifana ne-hydrogen peroxide emalungiselelweni anamanzi e-alkyl polyglucosides endaweni ye-alkaline lapho kukhona ama-ion e-magnesium.

Uphenyo oluningi kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ezisetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa, ukusebenza, kanye nokucwengisiswa kubonisa ukuthi nanamuhla azikho izixazululo ezisebenzayo "ze-turnkey" zokuthola amamaki athile omkhiqizo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, zonke izinyathelo zenqubo zidinga ukusetshenzwa, zilungiswe ngokuhlanganyela, futhi zenziwe kahle. Lesi sahluko sinikeze iziphakamiso futhi sachaza izindlela ezingenzeka zokusungula izixazululo zobuchwepheshe, kanye nokusho izimo ezijwayelekile zamakhemikhali nezomzimba zokuqhuba ukusabela, ukuhlukanisa, kanye nezinqubo zokucwenga.

Zontathu izinqubo eziyinhloko - i-homogeneous transglycosidation, inqubo ye-slurry, kanye nendlela yokuphakela ushukela-ingasetshenziswa ngaphansi kwezimo zezimboni. Ngesikhathi se-transglycosidation, ukugcwala kwe-polyglucoside ye-butyl ephakathi, esebenza njenge-solubilizer ye-D-glucose ne-butanol educts, kufanele igcinwe ngaphezu kuka-15% engxubeni yokusabela ukuze kugwenywe i-inhomogeneities. Ngenhloso efanayo, ukugcwala kwamanzi engxubeni yokusabela esetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa okuqondile kwe-Fischer ye-alkyl polyglucosides kufanele kugcinwe ngaphansi kuka-1%. Emanzini aphakeme kunengozi yokuguqula i-crystalline D-glucose emisiwe ibe yisisindo esinzima, okungase kamuva kuphumele ekucutshungulweni okubi kanye nokwenza i-polymerization ngokweqile. Ukunyakazisa okusebenzayo kanye ne-homogenization kukhuthaza ukusatshalaliswa okuhle nokusebenza kabusha kwe-crystalline D-glucose kungxube yokusabela.

Kokubili izici zobuchwepheshe nezomnotho kufanele zicatshangelwe lapho kukhethwa indlela yokuhlanganisa kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zayo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izinqubo ze-Homogeneous transglycosidation ezisekelwe ku-D-glucose syrups zibonakala zilungele ukukhiqizwa okuqhubekayo ngezinga elikhulu. Bavumela ukonga unomphela ekukhanyeni kwekristalu kwe-D-glucose eluhlaza ochungechungeni lwevelu-added, olunxephezela ngaphezu kokutshalwa kwezimali okuphezulu kwesikhathi esisodwa esinyathelweni se-transglycosidation kanye nokutholwa kwe-butanol. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-n-butanol akuvezi okunye ukonakala, njengoba ingaphinda igaywe kabusha cishe ngokuphelele ukuze ukugxilisa okusele emikhiqizweni yokugcina etholiwe kube izingxenye ezimbalwa kuphela esigidini ngasinye, okungabhekwa njengokungagxeki. I-Direct Fischer glycosidation ngokwenqubo ye-slurry noma indlela yokuphakela ushukela ikhipha isinyathelo se-transglycosidation kanye nokutholwa kwe-butanol. Kungenziwa futhi ngokuqhubekayo futhi kubiza izindleko eziphansi kancane.

Ukutholakala kwesikhathi esizayo kanye namanani entengo yezinto ezimbiwa phansi nezinto zokusetshenziswa ezivuselelekayo, kanye nentuthuko eyengeziwe yobuchwepheshe ekukhiqizeni nasekusetshenzisweni kwe-alkyl polyglucosides, kungase kulindeleke ukuthi kube nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni komthamo wemakethe yakamuva kanye namandla okukhiqiza. Izixazululo zobuchwepheshe ezisebenzayo esezikhona kakade ekukhiqizeni nasekusetshenzisweni kwe-alkyl polyglucosides zingase zinikeze umkhawulo obalulekile wokuncintisana emakethe yama-surfactants ezinkampanini esezithuthukile noma esezivele zisebenzisa izinqubo ezinjalo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi uma kwenzeka amanani entengo kawoyela ongahluziwe aphezulu kanye namanani aphansi okusanhlamvu. Njengoba izindleko ezingaguquki zokukhiqiza ngokuqinisekile zisezingeni elivamile kubakhiqizi abaningi basezimbonini, ngisho nokwehliswa kancane kwentengo yezinto zokusetshenziswa zomdabu kungase kugqugquzele ukushintshwa kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo futhi kungase kukhuthaze ngokusobala ukufakwa kwezitshalo ezintsha zokukhiqiza zama-alkyl polyglucosides.