Kunezindlela eziningana zokulungiselela i-alkyl polyglycosides noma i-alkyl polyglucosides izingxube. Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokwenziwa zisukela emigwaqweni yokwenziwa ye-stereotactic esebenzisa amaqembu avikelayo (okwenza izinhlanganisela zikhethe kakhulu) kuya emigwaqweni yokwenziwa engakhethi (ukuxuba ama-isomer nama-oligomers).
Noma iyiphi inqubo yokukhiqiza efaneleka ukusetshenziswa esikalini sezimboni kufanele ihlangabezane nemibandela embalwa. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo enezakhiwo ezifanele kanye nezinqubo zokonga. Kukhona ezinye izici, njengokunciphisa imiphumela engemihle noma imfucuza kanye nekhaphusi. Ubuchwepheshe obusetshenzisiwe kufanele buvumelane nezimo ukuze ukusebenza komkhiqizo kanye nezici zekhwalithi zivumelane nezidingo zemakethe.
Emkhiqizweni wezimboni we-alkyl polyglycosides, inqubo esekelwe ku-Fischer synthesis ibe yimpumelelo. Ukuthuthuka kwabo kwaqala cishe eminyakeni engama-20 edlule futhi kuye kwakhula ngesivinini kule minyaka eyishumi edlule. Ukuthuthukiswa ngalesi sikhathi kuvumele indlela yokuhlanganisa ukuthi isebenze kahle futhi igcine ihehe ezinhlelweni zemboni. Ukuthuthukisa kuyasebenza, ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kotshwala obunamaketanga amade njenge-dodecanol/tetradecanol
(C12-14 -OH),ithuthukise kakhulu ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nomnotho wenqubo. Isizinda semboni yokukhiqiza yesimanje ku-Fischer Synthesis siwukubonakaliswa kwemfucuza ephansi, ubuchwepheshe bokungakhiphi lutho. Enye inzuzo ye-Fischer synthesis ukuthi izinga eliphakathi le-polymerization lemikhiqizo lingalawulwa phezu kohlu olubanzi lokunemba. Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo ezihlobene, ezifana ne-hydrophilicity/water-solubility, zingalungiswa ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isisekelo se-raw material asisathintwa i-anhydrous glucose.
1. Izinto zokusetshenziswa zokukhiqiza ama-alkyl polyglycosides
1.1 Utshwala obunamafutha
Utshwala obunamafutha bungatholakala kuma-feedstocks we-petrochemical (ama-synthetic fatty alcohols) noma kuzinsiza zemvelo, ezivuselelekayo ezifana namafutha namafutha (utshwala obunamafutha emvelo). Izingxube zotshwala ezinamafutha zisetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni kwe-alkyl glycosides ukusungula ingxenye ye-hydrophobic ye-molecule. Utshwala obunamafutha emvelo butholwe ngokushintshaniswa nokuhlukaniswa kwamafutha namafutha (i-triglyceride) ukuze kwakheke amafutha ahambisanayo e-methyl ester, kanye ne-hydrogenated. Kuye ngobude be-alkyl alkyl chain edingekayo, izithako eziyinhloko ngamafutha namafutha: uwoyela kakhukhunathi noma we-palm kernel ochungechungeni lwe-C12-14, kanye ne-tallow, isundu noma i-rapeseed yamafutha e-C16-18 fatty alcohols.
1.2 Umthombo wama-carbohydrate
Ingxenye ye-hydrophilic ye-alkyl polyglycoside molecule itholakala ku-carbohydrate.
Ama-carbohydrate e-Macromolecular kanye nama-monomer carbohydrates asekelwe ku-starch of
ummbila, ukolweni noma amazambane futhi ingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zokulungiswa kwe-alkyl glycosides. Isibonelo, ama-polymer carbohydrates ahlanganisa amazinga aphansi okuwohloka kwesitashi noma isiraphu ye-glucose, kuyilapho ama-monomer carbohydrates angaba noma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-glucose, njenge-anhydrous glucose, i-monohydrate glucose, noma isiraphu ye-glucose eyonakele kakhulu.
Ukukhethwa kwempahla eluhlaza akuthinti kuphela izindleko zempahla eluhlaza, kodwa nezindleko zokukhiqiza.
Ngokuvamile, izindleko zempahla eluhlaza ziyakhuphuka ku-oda isitashi/isiraphu yeglucose/i-glucose monohydrate/i-glucose engenamanzi kanti izidingo zemishini yezitshalo futhi yingakho izindleko zokukhiqiza zehla ngokulandelana okufanayo. (Umfanekiso 1)